# Hermitian adjoint

(Redirected from Adjoint operator)

In mathematics, specifically in functional analysis, one associates to every linear operator on a Hilbert space its adjoint operator. Adjoints of operators generalize conjugate transposes of square matrices to (possibly) infinite-dimensional situations. If one thinks of operators on a Hilbert space as "generalized complex numbers", then the adjoint of an operator plays the role of the complex conjugate of a complex number.

The adjoint of an operator A is is also sometimes called the Hermitian adjoint of A and is denoted by A* or [itex] A^\dagger [itex] (the latter especially when used in conjunction with the bra-ket notation).

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## Definition for bounded operators

Suppose H is a Hilbert space, with inner product <.,.>. Consider a continuous linear operator A : HH (this is the same as a bounded operator).

Using the Riesz representation theorem, one can show that there exists a unique continuous linear operator A* : HH with the following property:

[itex] \lang Ax , y \rang = \lang x , A^* y \rang \quad \mbox{for all } x,y\in H[itex]

This operator A* is the adjoint of A.

## Properties

Immediate properties:

1. A** = A
2. (A + B )* = A* + B*
3. A)* = λ* A*, where λ* denotes the complex conjugate of the complex number λ
4. (AB)* = B* A*

If we define the operator norm of A by

[itex] \| A \| _{op} := \sup \{ \|Ax \| : \| x \| \le 1 \} [itex]

then

[itex] \| A^* \| _{op} = \| A \| _{op} [itex].

Moreover,

[itex] \| A^* A \| _{op} = \| A \| _{op}^2 [itex]

The set of bounded linear operators on a Hilbert space H together with the adjoint operation and the operator norm form the prototype of a C-star algebra.

## Hermitian operators

A bounded operator A : HH is called Hermitian or self-adjoint if

A = A*

which is equivalent to

[itex] \lang Ax , y \rang = \lang x , A y \rang \mbox{ for all } x,y\in H. [itex]

In some sense, these operators play the role of the real numbers (being equal to their own "complex conjugate"). They serve as the model of real-valued observables in quantum mechanics. See the article on self-adjoint operators for a full treatment.

## Adjoints of unbounded operators

Many operators of importance are not continuous and are only defined on a subspace of a Hilbert space. In this situation, one may still define an adjoint, as is explained in the article on self-adjoint operators.

## Other adjoints

The equation

[itex] \lang Ax , y \rang = \lang x , A^* y \rang [itex]

is formally similar to the defining properties of pairs of adjoint functors in category theory, and this is where adjoint functors got their name.

## See also

• Mathematical concepts
• Physical application
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