# Completeness (statistics)

Suppose a random variable X (which may be a sequence (X1, ..., Xn) of scalar-valued random variables), has a probability distribution belonging to a known family of probability distributions, parametrized by θ, which may be either vector- or scalar-valued. A function g(X) is an unbiased estimator of zero if the expectation E(g(X)) remains zero regardless of the value of the parameter θ. Then X is a complete statistic precisely if it admits no such unbiased estimator of zero.

For example, suppose X1, X2 are independent, identically distributed random variables, normally distributed with expectation θ and variance 1. Then X1X2 is an unbiased estimator of zero. Therefore the pair (X1, X2) is not a complete statistic. On the other hand, the sum X1 + X2 can be shown to be a complete statistic. That means that there is no non-zero function g such that

[itex]E(g(X_1+X_2))[itex]

remains zero regardless of changes in the value of θ. That fact may be seen as follows. The probability distribution of X1 + X2 is normal with expectation 2θ and variance 2. Its probability density function is therefore

[itex]{\rm constant}\cdot\exp\left(-(x-2\theta)^2/4\right).[itex]

The expectation above would therefore be a constant times

[itex]\int_{-\infty}^\infty g(x)\exp\left(-(x-2\theta)^2/4\right)\,dx.[itex]

A bit of algebra reduces this to

[itex][{\rm a\ nowhere\ zero\ function\ of\ }\theta]\times\int_{-\infty}^\infty

h(x)\,e^{x\theta}\,dx{\rm\ where\ }h(x)=g(x)\,e^{-x^2/4}.[itex]

As a function of θ this is a two-sided Laplace transform of h(x), and cannot be identically zero unless h(x) zero almost everywhere.

One reason for the importance of the concept is the Lehmann-Scheffé theorem, which states that a statistic that is complete, sufficient, and unbiased is the best unbiased estimator, i.e., the one that has a smaller mean squared error than any other unbiased estimator, or, more generally, a smaller expected loss, for any convex loss function.

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